The Proposed Visiting Centre At Elkhorn Slough Environmental Sciences Essay

The Proposed Visiting Centre At Elkhorn Slough Environmental Sciences Essay Elkhorn Slough has a visitors centre that focuses on the conservation of natural resources and biological history of the area. The Strategic Plan for 2006-10 (Elkhorn Slough Foundation [ESF], 2006) has an objective to increase membership and numbers of visitors but laments the limited capacity of the existing centre. It is therefore necessary to build a new centre to cater for the increased membership and visitors. Global Information Systems [GIS] analysis methods were employed to analyse the environmental sensitivity issues of the Slough area and subsequently locate a proposed visitors centre. The new Visitors Centre will complement the existing one, but focus on stimulating visitors interests in the terrain (physical geography) of the Slough area. The new visiting centre will be located north of Empire Road. Keywords: Boolean maps, Environmental sensitivity, GIS, Suitability, Visitors centre Introduction: Located 1.29x 103 m south of Watsonville [approximately 36Â ° 20 18.72N, 121Â ° 31 17.17W], Elkhorn Slough is the drainage delta for Salinas River and its tributaries in the surrounding farmlands (Cartier, 2009). Its watershed is an impressive 1.23108 m2 and is part of a larger network of estuaries. Waters from Gabilan and Moro Cojo watersheds drain into the Elkhorn Slough through the Old Salinas River Channel at Moss Landing South Harbour (EFS, 2010).Totalling an area of 4x 10 m2, the estuary is a tidal, coastal salt marsh. The estuary is home to 780 species of birds, a variety of plants, including several that are slowly becoming extinct (EFS, 2010). Elkhorn Slough consists of 1.09x107m2 of unique habitat types. (ESNERR, unpublished data) and has 2.83 x 107 m2 designated protected lands. The Elkhorn Slough has a visitors centre that concentrates on the natural history of the slough area. Activities at the centre include show-casing the unique plant and animal life, birds as well as marine life of the watershed. It has an educational theme which focuses on the conservation of the resources and natural history of the slough area. The Strategic Plan for 2006-10 (Elkhorn Slough Foundation [ESF], 2006) set out to increase membership and numbers of visitors to Elkhorn Slough area. However, the document noted the limited capacity of the existing centre to cater for increased numbers of visitors to the area. As a compliment to the existing centre, it is proposed that the establishment of a second visiting site would be appropriate in trying to achieve the objective of increasing membership at the foundation thus boosting the number of visitors to the area. The concept for the new centre will focus on physical surroundings of the estuary and stimulate the local community and visitors interests in the historical and contemporary geography (terrain) of the Slough area. The centre will include an environment or conservation theme that will hopefully stimulate sustainable use of natural resources in the area, especially for the local community. GIS techniques will be employed to site the location of the proposed second visitors centre at Elkhorn Slough. Literature Review: 2.1 Location and History of Elkhorn Slough Located at the midpoint of Monterey Bay, on the west cost of America, Elkhorn Slough is a large tidal salt marsh estuary in central California. Figure 1 below shows the location of Elkhorn Slough. Figure 1: Location of Elkhorn Slough (ESF, 2010) The estuary is referred to as a coastal embayment and consists of deepwater habitats with intertidal wetlands. It is the remnant of an ancient river flooded at the last sea level rise (EPA, 2010) that has been filled with sediment from the surrounding area. An artificial opening to the Monterey Bay was constructed in 1947 exposing the Elkhorn Slough estuary to increased tidal exchange (ESF, 2010). The marshlands were also artificially drained to make way for the farmlands (ESF, 2010). This has vastly altered the natural flow of the estuary and changed the physical properties of the slough. 2.2 Environmental Sensitivity The changes to the physical properties of the area have raised several environmental issues. The most important issues in the estuary are pollution [water quality degradation]; invasive plant species and hydrology alterations (Cartier, 2009). Brackish water habitats have been lost due to the redirection of water from the Salinas into the farmlands. Channel bank erosion rates ranging from 310-1 to 6.110-1 m per year and interior marsh dieback rates of at least 1.22x 104 m2 per year have led to marsh and habitat loss (ESF, 2010). These changes have affected the estuarys animals and plants habitat, as well as public access sites and railroad and road infrastructure. There are 2.83107 m2 of protected lands in the Elkhorn Slough watershed. The estuary is also an important fish (recreational and commercial) nursery and prime stopover for migratory birds (ESF, 2010). The Moss Landing Power Plant at the mouth of the slough at bay end also lends to the sensitivity of the area (ESF, 2010). As a measure to conserve the area, the ESF was established in 1982 by the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve [ESNERR]. In 2006, the Foundation noted that the capacity of the visitors centre to meet the needs of increased number of members was limited. As such, one of the strategic objectives for 2006-10 was to increase membership and numbers of visitors to the area. It is against this background that a new visitors centre is proposed to cater for increased membership and to stimulate interests in physical geography, encouraging sustainable use of estuarine resources. Methodology and Data Processing According to Sahoo et al (2000), GIS provides ample opportunity for reasoned land evaluation. GIS are quick methods and tools used by decision-makers to address and cope with uncertainty in decision-making where there are environmental sensitivity concerns. GIS data processing and spatial analysis are used to define the location of a proposed development. This method along with modern decision analysis techniques can be used to improve habitat suitability evaluation over large areas (Store and Kangas, 2000). Analysis methods included investigations into accessibility, location, environmental sensitivity of the area as well as location-specific hazards. In environmental studies, several factors are taken into account when deciding where to locate a new development. One of the most common approaches for locating new developments is Multi-Criteria Analysis [MCA] (Sahoo et al, 2000). Employing the MCA technique, a mask is created and used as the extent of analysis. Raster calculations can be used to create Boolean maps (graphic representation of binary equation whereby 0 = no data, 1 = data present) that simplify the data to the specified criteria. Threshold values are then employed to simplify the decision making process into whether certain feature data can be included or excluded from the final choice of location. Areas are included or excluded based on environmental sensitivity. For example, the United Kingdoms [UK] Environment Agency recommends that protected areas remain free of development (Environment Agency, 2010). According to the UKs Highways Agency no development shall take place within, on average; 300 m of a busy road (rank-1). This is to create a buffer for noise pollution given that heavy goods vehicles can be very noisy at close proximity (Environment Agency, 2010). Similarly, distance of settlements from roads is important for easy accessibility reasons. A further factor to exclude from the model is areas that contain vegetation because some areas sink due to diking and draining (ESF, 2010). Woodlands and marshlands lend diversity to the habitat and therefore have conservational importance. They are thus unsuitable for building/development. Similarly, surface water areas are unsuitable for development due to likelihood to cause pollution in areas such as the estuary (ESF, 2010). Based on exclusion of environmentally sensitive areas, raster calculations are performed using the Boolean logic. Therefore, the remaining area is the potential location of the proposed development. 4 Data Analysis Data used was originally obtained from the Elkhorn Slough website and the projection is UTM Zone 10N, WGS84 datum. In addition to the GIS data supplied, a digital elevation model [DEM] data of the area was obtained from the SRTM data on Google Earth [GE]. The data was re-projected with Global Mapper to overlay the two data sets in ArcGIS. The DEM was used to visualise the terrain of the area and guide decision-making on the suitability of the terrain for the proposed development. Other sources of data included available maps and literature on the area in question. The data used is illustrated in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Original data used (ESF, 2010) ArcGIS 9.3 was used for data processing. All data was adjusted to cell size 50, with each pixel on the resultant Boolean maps being 50 m long. 5 Findings As outlined in section 4 above, environmental organisations, such as the UKs Environment Agency, Figure 3 below shows the raster of the protected area that is excluded in the final calculation. Figure 3: Protected Area Using data on the road network of the Elkhorn Slough area, Figure 4 below shows the buffer created around the busy roads [rank-1] which are unsuitable for locating the new visitors centre. The light-shaded areas are, theoretically, suitable for locating the centre. Figure 4: Buffer Zone around Rank-1 Roads Taking into consideration data on the vegetation in the Elkhorn Slough area which requires exclusion from the analysis due to diking and draining for cultivation, Figure 5 below shows that the new visitors centre can be located in the light-shaded areas. The dark-shaded areas have conservational importance for the wood and marshland species. Figure 5: Vegetation areas Surface water areas are also excluded from possible location of the new development due to likelihood of water pollution, as shown in Figure 6 below. Figure 6: Water Areas The wetlands area was also excluded from the possible location of the centre because these areas are known for their ecological diversity. Vast numbers of birds and plants as well as micro-organisms (mud species) would be in this area. Figure 7 below shows the wetlands areas of the Elkhorn Slough which was also excluded as potential areas for locating the new visitors centre. Figure 7: Wetland areas An elevation of 40 to 195m was chosen as the optimal height above sea level for the development. The elevation is considered suitable to facilitate transport logistics of building materials. The elevation also takes into consideration the tidal nature of the area to ensure that the new visitors centre is protected from any possible tidal effects. Applying the necessary measurements and raster calculations leaves the areas that are potentially suitable for siting the new centre as illustrated in Figure 8 below. Figure 8: Optimal Elevation for New Development Another important consideration was the distance to roads for ease of accessibility to the new centre by visitors. This is illustrated in Figure 9 below. Figure 9: Distances to roads Figure10 below shows the final results excluding environmental sensitive features and measurements. Figure 10: Location of Visitors Centre Corroborating the Boolean logic with Google Earth, the second visitors centre can theoretically be sited at a location north of Empire Road. Limitations Three areas with data on the resultant Boolean map match the criteria defined. Potentially, these are the locations for the new visitors centre. However on closer inspection by overlaying with data on the road network, an area between Elkhorn and Dolan rank 1 roads [close to Empire Road] remains after further scrutiny using GE. Using this database imagery, the proposed site is just outside a forested area. Crucial information is missing from the analysis above. For example, information was missing on the location of current buildings on which the proposed site cannot be located. Information was also missing on the heaviness of traffic at different times to better estimate the buffering distance of the rank-1 roads (assuming they are asphalt). Other information missing was on tidal range and volume of the coastal zone with the attendant high flood risk. Therefore, given that the data available for this analysis was not entirely straight forward rendering the proposed location of the new visitors centre tentative. Digital Terrain Models (DTM) by using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology to obtain more complete and accurate surface data. Had data been more complete and accurate, the positioning of the centre would be more conclusive; without the need to use a further data source. This analysis shows that although data processing and software can sometimes be expensive, GIS methods can conclusively be used in defining areas for development, and are quicker than traditional methods of exploration of new areas. (Store and Kangas, 2000). Conclusion and Recommendations Available data shows that the proposed location of the new visitors centre is close to Empire Road. Due to incomplete data, the proposed location of the second visitors centre is tentative. The evaluation has highlighted the need to have a more conclusive data set to avoid the need for re-projection from other sources, which may cause inaccuracies in positioning.

Goodwill Stores: A Business Case

The circumstance given depicts how important cash discounts are when looked into in real life. The latter compels debtors to pay on time their liabilities and when they do so, gaining deductions on their payables to one or several persons (their creditors). Accordingly, it also showcases some alternation of standards as businesspersons become more aware on how to manage or manipulate the said deductions. Like in the given situation wherein the cash discounts were still recorded though paid after the discount period where the business blamed the mail room or the post office for the delay (using the long process the reason of default of payment). Most likely, in that given case, only a few portion of the cash discount will be exhausted against complaint which, I think, is an advantage to the creditor (from 4% cash discount to 3% because of delay) since that does not completely exhaust the entirety of cash discount. Moreover, debtors often recognize and accept that cause making the full payment still fall on the discount period though was really paid beyond it. So the firm, instead of paying their debts on proper time (w/ discount), extends their actual payment on it using the money to some more transactions that involves credit terms or agreement. Ulysses, being a new employee of the company, would merely adhere or hold on into that â€Å"special norm† discussed to him by Lavares; that norm that exempts some of our deemed knowledge pertaining a particular business concept. Most firms, especially the low earning one, will most likely be induced by such having their reason â€Å"Other businesses do it anyway† (Peer pressure) and the thinking that it is so possible and somehow licit. Given these beneficial advantages doing such, it is still best to comply with things in good faith or on what is right (payment on the proper discount period). By that, at least, he would assure that he will not have a hard time when sleeping at night. Discussion 1. What are the ethical considerations in this case? Again, it is still best for debtors to pay their debts within the proper discount period (safety of self and of business). Taking into account these â€Å"ethical considerations† that must be observed or else the firm will suffer their corresponding consequences, we may assert to the potential-onerous nature that incompliance of debtor may bestow. Given the fact that creditors may demand for disclosure on certain parts of his debtor’s record, the latter should at least be prepared and has a good reason out of that, should be able to expound something important on it (allowing the cash discount), and maybe present tangible proofs that is suitable and reasonable or else he would suffer the thing plus damages. Given the rights in fully examining the record (by looking into the ledger account of cash to check if the debtor really paid within the discount period), the creditor may know if the debtor truly paid on that day or not. Another point here will be the need of creditors of money on the last date of discount period. Since no money was received by him, it is apparent that he somehow suffered something (for instance he also has a debt to someone). And the proper or just remedy for that will be the cancellation also of the cash discount he provided his debtors (those who pay beyond the discount period and continue to blame the post office, etc to sustain the cash discount). The problem in those considerations is that only a few applies it. They just keep everything, the operations, fast and in line with their competitors and clients’ needs without concern to the fundamental principles they should be applying (knowing only is insignificant). 2. Who are the stakeholders that are harmed or benefited in this situation? Debtors, given the latter, should also keep in mind that the in time when they are now in the position of a creditor allotting cash discounts, there is a great possibility of them encountering such that would also delay the proper date of payment yet still acquire the cash discount through excuses and reasons. Here, it would be prejudice if the creditor would not allow such because he himself actually did the same in time he was a debtor. This implies the practicality today that most would consider or acknowledge cash discounts even if they are paid a bit late, depending on the situation. Again, the essence of entice is here that forces creditors to condone not-on-time payments. Having that context, we may arrive or be aware that there are persons benefiting and not benefiting from it. Those who benefit from it in general would be the debtors. They are the persons pardoned from the delay in payment or just suffer a small reduction in the discount rate agreed. Another benefit out of that would be the idea that they could stimulate more the inflows and outflows of the firm’s money. Those merchandising firms that issue charge sales invoice in most of his transactions often benefit from these (large receivables all subject to cash discount). Accordingly, creditors are persons harmed out of it. Harm here would depend on the need of creditor for money because again, there are cases where payment to one is depended upon the payment of another. If the creditor was not able to pay his creditor and get the discount amount because of no payment of his debtor, the best remedy would also be the cancellation of the latter’s right to cash discount. Having all that, we may deem that those who are new to these kinds of things and ideas would most likely be harmed. 3. Should Ulysses continue the practice started by Philmon? Does he have any choice? In the beginning, yes, he should continue the practice started by Philmon. He must, at first, look and understand more the situation the firm is confronting and all of the matters in it with regard to the department he was placed in. In time he already knows all of the business’ complexities and such; he may now start to consider himself worthy and commence to petition for amendment or proposition of things and ideas (innovation) in accordance to what he deems more appropriate and more ethical relying on his substantial knowledge about the matter and to somewhat make it correspond more with the ethical considerations discussed earlier. Looking at the choices he has given this situation, I think he has many. If he often feels insecure working on such idea that it may be licit or not, he would not be able to perform well his job on the firm and would preferably be placed in another firm that usually just do the same thing. Given that reality, it is still best just to go on with it and slowly make the things better via recommendations, proposals, etc. Recommendation First would be for the firm to withdraw and dispose all its late payments and pay them instead on time. Then focus on things the business could lend or give credit to (maximizing the opportunity to supply loan). So in the right time, they would start getting their desired money on hand sufficient to cover what they will provide their debtors. Aside from security, doing such may give a good psychological effect to workers like Ulysses who engages in preparing and dating of checks. Having such in place of work, the continuous essence of motivation will more likely be observed and raised leading operations in a more productive form. Additionally, innovations, leadership, teamwork, and the like would also rise.

The Most Overlooked Fact Regarding Essay Analysis Samples Exposed

The Most Overlooked Fact Regarding Essay Analysis Samples Exposed Get the Scoop on Essay Analysis Samples Before You're Too Late In literature, however, it's a crucial analysis of some literary text that's done to boost its understanding. In the event you're still puzzled how to compose an outline for your literary analysis paper, you might locate examples online. Making a review of the information gained and the contestations intended is essential. You should offer information which is pertinent to your thesis. Finding the Best Essay Analysis Samples Writing an essay is usually not such an intriguing endeavor, so locating the motivation to begin on figuring out what to write can often end up being quite tough. Writers employ their exclusive methods to reach out to the readers and make sure they are convinced about the job of an author. Great writers understand how to vary their introductions and use techniques in the correct manner of essays. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Besides that, your point of view will decide on the type of essay you're writing. It's essential for you to adhere to the core essence of what you would like to say about a distinct novel or book. The end of the poem can be viewed with regard to the maturation of the human brain with the coming of science. There are a few various ways to start an essay and all of them have their own location. So that the poem conveys the thought of the significance of nature to human being and why it's always best to synchronize with this. It begins with a description of an ambulance hurrying up to the place of a horrible car crash to prevent the appearance of victims. Our samples are intended to set you apart by aiding you to write superior papers and essays. There's an endless number of different essay topics that may be analyzed. Now, when you know what's a rhetorical analysis essay, you must familiarize with the principal tips, when completing such a struggle. Writing an important paper or criticizing might appear easy in the beginning, but it could also be challenging. A crucial analysis essay outline is another bit of work that's crucial. It is also part of a summary of the major points that inform the final essay. Whatever They Told You About Essay Analysis Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Preparing variance reports and the job of analyzing the exact same reports are extremely important tasks to an organization. There is an assortment of factors a manager ought to consider when preparing a variance analysis. It is also essential because it helps managers identify the causes of variances and thus take appropriate corrective measures to deal with the same (Beavers, 2007). Variance analysis on the opposite hand evaluates the functioning of the organization in reference to the budget. In spite of popular belief by a substantial part of students, critical essay writing isn't about criticizing or focusing on the negative facet of analysis. When you're assigned with a literary analysis, your primary goal is to examine and study a specific parcel of literature to comprehend what main points it intends to render. Downloading an analytical essay example isn't a fraud, and that means you don't need to worry that you're cheating. An essay conclusion is a sort of a high point of your entire analysis, and therefore do your very best to make it sound strong, logical, and convincing. Essay Analysis Samples Features The above is of excellent significance, especially to students who think that critical essays should concentrate on the negative facets of a subject. Now you are prepared to begin your work and meet all your professor's requirements! In rare instances, professors may leave the selection of the format up to you, and that means you just have to be certain that the e ssay is very clear and simple to read. Many students discover that it's quite hard to pick the topic by themselves or understand how each form of literature ought to be structured.

William Jones and Pi Essay - 1894 Words

William Jones is a famous mathematician the created, and was the first to use, pi. William was born on a farm in Anglesey, then later moved to Llanbabo on Anglesey, then moved again after the death of Williams father. He attended a charity school at Llanfechell. There his mathematical talents were spotted by the local landowner who arranged for him to be given a job in London. His job was in a merchant’s counting house. This job had Jones serving at sea on a voyage to the West Indies. He taught mathematics and navigation on board ships between 1695 and 1702. He was serving on a navy vessel which. Navigation was a topic which greatly interested Jones and his first published work was â€Å"A New Compendium of the Whole Art of Navigation† It was†¦show more content†¦Jones was also friends with the Parker family, and had done business with them at their castle at Shirburn. It was greatly helped that he had a good friendship with Philip Yorke and George Parker, esp ecially after he lost all his money when the bank that he kept his money had been run down. His two former students were later men of great influence and were able to help Jones with obtaining many different types of jobs with various positions, and he was paid well. The first man to really make an impact in the calculation of pi was the Greek, Archimedes of Syracuse. Where two people by then name of Antiphon and Bryson left off with their inscribed and circumscribed polygons, Archimedes took up the challenge. However, he used a slightly different method than they used. Archimedes focused on the polygons perimeters as opposed to their areas, so that he approximated the circles circumference instead of the area. He started with an inscribed and a circumscribed hexagon then doubled the sides four times to finish with two 96-sided polygons. 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